We start by taking a look at the common reasoning against free will - that because everything that happens is deterministically based on the interactions of particles (fields if you prefer), then there is no actual ability to 'choose' - everything simply follows on from its previous state in a mechanical fashion. Admittedly when we then add in quantum physics, there is an element of randomness introduced, but that does not appear to provide any room for agents to select what will happen next.
So far, so common a view. But Mitchell argues that this is too limited an approach. While there are indubitably structural limitations on our ability to act with agency, whether down to nature or nurture, he still suggests that we (and other organisms) have the opportunity to make choices, in part due to being causally isolated from our environments. It is, he suggests, particularly in novel circumstances that effective free will is possible, where randomness can generate a range of possible actions from which selection can then be made by an organism. To quote 'the momentary low-level details of atoms and molecules, or even the slightly higher-level details of firing of individual neurons do not determine the next state of the system.' Mitchell suggests convincingly that this allows an organism to be in charge of its own behaviour.
Some would push any potential to makes choices back to the unconscious mind, still preventing us from exercising free will in the sense most would accept - but Mitchell also suggests that evolution has given us a degree of self-control and ability to reflectively consider options that takes over from the unconscious in many situations. It's impossible to go into the detail of what is quite a complex argument in a review, but I came away from this book with a positive frame of mind (hopefully due to free will).
The only reason I can't give the book five stars is that I find the tendency to give us lots of detail about which bit of the brain does what deeply uninspiring. As a neuroscientist, Mitchell presumably couldn't resist, but I've never yet found a book where this added much to the reading experience, and that's true here too. Another slight concern is that there are references to some older psychology studies (notably Libet's) that date well before the replication crisis, without clarifying the major potential issues involved.
Even so, as an enthusiast for the concept of free will, I had almost given up on it having a scientific justification. While there's still some wriggle room, Mitchell pretty much persuaded me that it is possible to have free will in a largely deterministic universe. Whether or not you agree, there are plenty of insights and opportunities to think.
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Review by Brian Clegg - See all Brian's online articles or subscribe to a weekly email free here
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